پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 38 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Love and affection are common themes of many mystical works in Persian literature. Therefore, by comparing the content of mystical works, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the Sufi view on that subject by examining these common themes. Imam Mohammad Ghazali and his brother Ahmad are well-known figures in the field of Sufism. This article tries to study the concept of love and affection from the perspective of these two personalities with an analytical-descriptive method, emphasizing the two works of reviving the sciences of Al-Din Mohammad Ghazali and the tragedies of Ahmad Ghazali. - What is the nature and function of love and affection for Khajeh Ahmad Ghazali and Imam Mohammad Ghazali? It was concluded that the view and attitude of Imam Mohammad Ghazali towards this subject is a religious and religious view. However, what can be deduced from Ahmad Ghazali's tragedies is that his view is closer and closer to the view of mystics.

Justification in poetry holds a pivotal significance due to its features such as word impression, influence on audience. Khāqāni, regarding his knowledge on this artistic expression capacities, specifically concentrates on variety of this artistic type. his employment of justification figures of speech religion and beauty of analysis is highly depicted. other artistic justifications with rhetoric context are frequently seen in word. this paper is to analyze them. frequency of these figures is so high that one must account justification as an element of Khāqāni style-making and entitle him the justifier poet. This research tries to address critique of the divisions of these figures made by the rhetoricians and analyze presence in his poems. Findings show that the main reasons for frequency of justification could be introduced in three key points: first, Khāqāni , due to his familiarization with knowledge of that era and influenced, provides artistic reason for his whole words, even those painted emotionally, he could increase the impressionistic aspects of words. Second, he, in advice and ascetical concepts stressing relying on isolation, poverty, and world abandon, talks reasonably as well. Third, is self-appraised and appraising himself and reproaching others are justified solely through his magical artistic justification structure.

The main story of Lily and Majnoon is from those Arabs and thepeople who wrote on this subject have confidence in the Isfahani narrative, including the play "Majnoon Lily" by Ahmad Shoghi. The present study is a comparative study in the field of intertextual comparative methods and aims to examine the intertextual relations in"Majnoon Lily" and "Lily and Majnoon" in an analytical-descriptive manner, to show the extent of the rich influence on Shoghi poetry. To answer the question, what are the intertextual aspects, the difference and the extent of the impact and innovations of enthusiasm compared to the main story? In response, it should be said that the study of the intertextual relationship between the two works revealed similarities; These include: the correspondence of the characters, the formation of the roots of love, the common theme of excuse love and the similar structure, which is mostly in the form of implicit, implicit and sublime intertextuality. The results show that the two poets, despite the common language, had similarities and differences in theme and style, and Shoghi was influenced by Aghani and added or removed some items from it, and in the dramatic literature the work Has offered impact. Innovations and loyalty to the story are many. His play has a narrative level of tragedy whose subject matter is history; But Shoghi sometimes mixes it with superstition, sometimes with love, and sometimes with both, and gives it a lyrical appearance in terms of form.

One of the mystic valuable text that has composed to symbolic,is Mantegh-al-tair of Attar Nishboori that narrative journey perilous that done via birds on lead Hoopoe for achieve to Roc (essence of God). Paradise of lost is also symbolic text that in terms of plan barriers of achieve to perfection, has similarities with Mantegh-al-tair. Because of space time between these texts, this research has proceeded to comparative analysis at a time not concurrency. Factors that caused these texts should be required this analysis, are storied exclusivity similar and the epic spirit dominate on both; with this difference that in Mantegh-al-tair, epic is mystic and in Paradise of lost epic is more literary. Attar and John Milton have taken of their religious sources in creation their texts. Method explanation narrative of Adam and relate to intial sin to Hawa or Adam, specifies somewhat space truth until allowed in these texts. What factore determined similarities and unsimilarities views of Attar and John Milton in these valuable works? Comparative analysis in this research is on one hand based on planetary insights namely look to differences, without denial other and on the other hand based on similarities without requirement of matching with other and general method of this research is analysis qualitative content of text.

The story of "Arab and the jugs of Water" is one of the stories which have been published in Masnavi of Mawlānā and MusibatNama of Attar. This story has been studied from various angles such as social, mystical, ethical teachings, etc. In this regard, the analysis of this subject has been studied from the perspective of personality psychology with the approach of humanism based on the theory of Abraham Mazlou(1908-1970). The general plot of the story is about a dialog between an Arab and his wife by which their personalities are showed and analyzed.Which is the stage of perfection from the viewpoint of the mystics. The article tries to answer this question Are material needs affecting the mood of people And has man been able to attain perfection by disregarding material things? And finally, it can be seen how the Arab woman with tricks and anger and engagement with worldly appearances and material in the very early stages of the material needs remained, and no progress was made in his life, but the Arabs died with Patience and disregard for materiality reaches the peak of self-actualization, which is the stage of perfection from the viewpoint of the mystics.

Archetypes are common aspects of perception that appear in different places in identical forms, it means that instinctive thoughts are in the nature of all human beings. Epopee of korogli is the epic-lyrical poem that describes the story of "Roshan", known as korogli, the judge hero of the Turkish nations. This work is very rich in terms of common archetypes among the nations. This article studies   Descriptively and analytically the various symbols and manifestations of anima  and animus as  in Epopee of korogli .Important archetypes of anima can be seen in this work in various forms: the  anime mother: In the form of natural phenomena as Chanlibel and Qushabulagh,the beloved anima , In appearance Momeneh as the negative anima of hero and Negar as the positive anima and the guide anima also in   appearance of Negar. Of course, because of the special position of women in Azerbaijan, the role of the guide anima is more important, that without Negar, it will not be possible attain to individuality of hero.

Poets had used two important narration structures in narration systems to create an attractive narration – narrative and description. Theorists as Tomasheveskey, Bart and Genette considered contrast of these two structures from the perspective of text item and narrative. According to this view, every narration is the representation of an event or series of events that contain the time of text and the word. This paper analyzed the contrast of description and narrative with relying on the views of three theorists and answered this question that what type relationship is between description and narrative and the Jamie’s Leyly and Majnun system is considered as the base to better understanding of this relationship. In this system, descriptions that are used for characterization and atmosphere-creating are the free and static motif of text based on the Tomasheveskey view and become special index and informant according to the Bart view. According to theGenette view, description comprises of existence statements, so description of this system has a kind of ornamental and manifesting function.According to the categories of these three theories,description hasn’t any effect on the plot and in the narration – especially narration of Leyly and Majnun- leads to the formation of deceleration in narration.

Love is considered as a mystical and a romantic epistemological concept. It has a sophisticated relation with its surrounding society as well as its culture. In love, in both universal and individual terms, there is a significant focus on fascinator and fascinated regarding beauty. The concept of love has a special position in the world literature and each literary kind describes it and measures it in its own way. This work is considered as a divine-humanitarian Paradise Lost, in addition, one of the main concepts in epic is love. Since love in the epic world that is a intermediate between its position in epic as well as its real world, in this study we have used descriptive-analytical research to argue that love is not only a turning point in Paradise Lost, but also chases its own specific case to define its entity. Therefore, the major issue in this study is to define the status of love in Milton’s Paradise Lost and to answer this fundamental question that to what extent the concept of love has been reflected in characterization and form of the Paradise Lost’s content?

Hafez's Simplified and interpretable language has been formed from underlying layers that the layers can be read and understood by everyone. But understanding and receiving the underlying layers depends on the principles of interpretation and decoding. In the arts and language of Hafez, there are abilities that help us to elaborate hermeneutic principles based on semantic multiplicity. In this research, it has been attempted to examine and to analyze the correspondence of these approaches to hermeneutics and the level of quality of interpretation in Hafez's poetry, by studying the interpretive approaches to some of the Hafez spatial systems carried out by various contributors. Although the semantic plurality and uncertainty of meaning and the correspondence of the nature and quality of Hafez poetry to the hermeneutic science is undeniable, it is true that some of the interpretations of the Hafiz lyrics despite the beautiful evidence and evidence, are in keeping with the horizons of expectations of the text and frameworks are not readers expectations. The aim of this research was to answer the question of “in what fields Hafez's poems can be criticized and studied with great theories such as Swedenburg, Paul Ricoeur, Gadamer, Iser and Hersh?”

Systemic functional theory is a cognitive approach that expresses human experiences through the transient system of language. In fact, much of our daily experience is shaped and defined by our actions, events, thoughts, and perceptions, and the language system plays an important role in reflecting the various actions and actions of the world. In Halliday systematic functional grammar, the ideational metafunction processes is of particular importance in the transmission of experiences. Application of ideational metafunction processes: material, mental, relational, behavioral, existential and expressive are manifested through verbs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the story of the king and the maid using ideational function variables which has been made possible by researching the physiology of this story in Molavi's Masnavi and identifying and determining the types of processes based on the role and mean. The research results also show that material, verbal and relational processes have more frequency and according to this, characters often have the role of speaker, audience, carrier and knower. Therefore, determining the frequency of current processes and how they are used in this story can be considered as a stylistic indicator. Therefore, researchers in this study have tried to answer the question using descriptive-analytical method, how can the poet's way of thinking and text analysis be achieved with the stylistics of the verb?

Black Humor is one of the most important literary genres in poetry collections of "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar" by Muhammad Al-Maghout, which has played the most important role in the fame of this work. Black connotes a laughter mixed with pain that comes from a rebellious person to deal with heterogeneous political and social situations. The main content of black humor is biting and mocking criticism about serious, sad and scary issues. "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar", written into the free verse, is a valuable work in terms of the use of black humor.The source of Al-Maghut's black humor is his social thought, which is rooted in bitter truths such as poverty, imprisonment, displacement, lack of freedom, and the incompetence of the rulers.  In so doing, humors of Al-Maghout is full of biting descriptions that initially make the audience laugh, but at the same time, it brings deep sadness to the heart. The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinds of tricks used by Al-Maghout in black humor of "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar”. To answer this main research question, the researcher employed content analysis method.  The present study suggests that Al-Maghut used the techniques of symmetry, Irony, surprise, magnification, miniaturization, paradox, personification, metonymy, and sarcasm from which surprise and metonymy have been the most widely used in this work.

Black Humor is one of the most important literary genres in poetry collections of "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar" by Muhammad Al-Maghout, which has played the most important role in the fame of this work. Black connotes a laughter mixed with pain that comes from a rebellious person to deal with heterogeneous political and social situations. The main content of black humor is biting and mocking criticism about serious, sad and scary issues. "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar", written into the free verse, is a valuable work in terms of the use of black humor.The source of Al-Maghut's black humor is his social thought, which is rooted in bitter truths such as poverty, imprisonment, displacement, lack of freedom, and the incompetence of the rulers. In so doing, humors of Al-Maghout is full of biting descriptions that initially make the audience laugh, but at the same time, it brings deep sadness to the heart. The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinds of tricks used by Al-Maghout in black humor of "Al-Badawi Al-Ahmar”. To answer this main research question, the researcher employed content analysis method. The present study suggests that Al-Maghut used the techniques of symmetry, Irony, surprise, magnification, miniaturization, paradox, personification, metonymy, and sarcasm from which surprise and metonymy have been the most widely used in this work.

In this article, we review the characters of Shirin and Farhad in Vahshi Bafghis poetry based on Alfred Adler's personality theory. The type of this research is based on library method and its approach is analytical-descriptive. The research hypothesis is the possibility of examining the characters of this poem due to the mutuality between some characters based on Adler's theory. After examining the characters based on the components of Adler's theory one by one, we conclude that due to the theme of the poem, which is romantic and its inseparable part of competition and envy, all the important characters of the poem are possessed of the Adler's theory signs including the envy of inferiority, social interest, supremacy, domination, dependence and acceptance alternately. While Shirin is a superior character, the sense of humiliation inflicted on him by Khosrow's indifference leads him to seek revenge and dependence on Farhad. Khosrow is a completely superior and domineering personality. Farhad is a "useful to society" personality whose lifestyle is in line with the characteristics of the "social interest". Shekar and other characters, including the courtiers of Khosrow's court, cannot be examined from Adler's point of view due to their small role in the poem.